ABSTRACT
Background: One of the main health problems in West Africa remains upsurge of emerging pathogens. Ebola virus disease outbreak occurred in 2014 in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, Monkeypox virus in Nigeria in 2017 and most recently Lassa virus in Nigeria, Togo and Benin in 2018. These pathogens have animal reservoirs as vectors for transmission. Proper investigation of the pathogens in their rodent vectors could help reduce and manage their emergence and spread. Methodology: This study was conducted with an approval from the Côte d'Ivoire Bioethics Community. Small mammal trappings were carried out in 9 sites within three zones namely, peri-urban, peri-rural and protected areas. Liver, lung and kidney tissues from trapped small mammals were sampled in accordance with the recommended conditions of biosafety and bioethics. The organs were transported in liquid nitrogen to the laboratory. Molecular tests were used to detect pathogens. Orthopoxviruses and Monkeypox virus were detected in the organs by PCR using consensus primers targeting the virus surface membrane haemagglutinin (HA) genes, while Leptospira species were detected by PCR using primers targeting the rrs and lfb1 genes. Results: Out of 4930 night-traps, 256 (5.19%) small mammals were trapped including Crocidura, Rattus, Lophuromys, Praomys, Mus and Mastomys. Leptospira species were detected in 6 genera from 7 study sites and the infected small mammals accounted for 13.3%. Leptospira sp was detected mainly in the rodent vector genera Rattus (32.3%), Lophuromys (29.0%), and Praomys (16.1%). Three species of Leptospira were detected and Leptospira interrogans was the most common frequent species (74.2%). Monkeypox virus was not detected from studied small mammals. Conclusion: The initial data from our investigation indicates the presence of Leptospira sp in rodent vectors, Rattus, Lophuromys and Praomys, which are the potential small mammalian reservoirs of this pathogen in Cote d'Ivoire.
Subject(s)
Rodent Diseases , Disease Reservoirs , Rodent Control , Ebolavirus , Lassa virus , Orthopoxvirus , Monkeypox virusABSTRACT
Introduction. We studied malaria in HIV infected subjects hospitalized in the department of infectious diseases at Point G Teaching Hospital in Mali, with the objective to have current data on malaria in patients infected by HIV. Materials and methods. We conducted a prospective study from October, 1st 2016 to September 30th 2018 in patients seropositive for HIV having positive thick smear for Plasmodium and hospitalized in the department of infectious diseases at Point G Teaching Hospital. We collected sociodemographic, clinical and lab data form those patients. Data have been entered and analyzed using SPSS20.0 software. Results. Hospital frequency of malaria among People living with HIV was 24.4% (151/618). This population has a mean-age of 44.1±12.4 y/o and a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.86. Majority of patients were at WHO stage IV of HIV infection (63.4%). Symptoms were by decreasing frequency: fever (98.3%); headache (86.4%); anorexia (72.9%); asthenia (61.0%) and vomiting (42.4%). the mean parasitemia was 172.9±352.1 trophozoite/mm3 . Mean hemoglobin level was 9.1±3.2 g/dl and the mean CD4 count was 9±3 cell/mm3 . Severe malaria was independent from WHO HIV stage and from immunologic deficiency. The malaria treatment when correctly followed conduct to good improvement of the anemia (p = 0.03) and the negativity of the parasitemia (p = 0.00). Death in our HIV patient is linked to association with severe malaria (p = 0,012). Conclusion. Malaria is relatively common and severe among PLWHA in Mali. Prompt treatment is still effective and must be implemented to ensure a good prognosis. Despite cotrimoxazole chemoprophylaxis, a certain number of PLHIV suffer from malaria, raising the hypothesis of plasmodium resistance to antifolates.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination , Inpatients , Malaria , ChemopreventionABSTRACT
Justification : Depuis l'éradication du virus de la variole, on note une émergence des autres Orthopoxvirus surtout le Monkeypoxvirus en Afrique centrale. A ce jour aucun cas d'infection humaine à Orthopoxvirus n'a été notifié en Côte d'Ivoire. Cependant, l'activité humaine en milieu rural, la présence des réservoirs potentiels et le climat sont des facteurs favorables à la circulation de ce groupe de virus. Objectif : Mettre en évidence la circulation des Orthopoxvirus en Côte d'Ivoire en situation post éradication de la variole dans la population non vaccinée contre cette maladie. Matériel et méthode : 385 sérums de sujets non vaccinés contre la variole, choisis parmi 1353 sérums collectés lors d'une surveillance nationale de la fièvre jaune, ont été analysés. La méthode ELISA a été utilisée pour rechercher les IgG anti Orthopoxvirus. Résultats : l'âge moyen des patients était de 11 ans et le sex-ratio était de 1,97. Les IgG anti-Orthopoxvirus ont été détectées dans 4,95% des sérums ; seuls 0,78% de ces sérums avaient un titre ⥠400. La majorité des sérums contenant ces IgG (84,16%) provenaient d'individus habitant la moitié sud de la Côte d'Ivoire. Conclusion : le niveau d'exposition aux Orhopoxvirus reste faible chez les sujets non vaccinés contre la variole. Cependant, vu le nombre croissant de sujets susceptibles à ces virus, il est nécessaire de mettre en place des sites sentinelles de surveillance, particulièrement du Monkeypoxvirus
Subject(s)
Africa, Western , Cote d'Ivoire , Disease Eradication , Monkeypox virus , OrthopoxvirusABSTRACT
Purpose: The objective of the study was to investigate the ethyl acetate extract of Morindamorindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh (Rubiaceae) (MM-EA) properties against experimental diarrheoa induced by castor oil in albino Wistar rats. Methods: The ethyl acetate extract of Morinda morindoides (250; 500; and 1000 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to three groups of rats (five animals per group) in order to evaluate the activity of the extract against castor oil-induced diarrhea model in rat. Two other groups received normal saline (5mg/kg) and loperamide (5mg/kg) as positive control. The effect of the extract on intestinal transit and castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) was assessed. Results: At oral doses of 250; 500; and 1000 mg/kg body weight; the plant extract showed pronounced and dose-dependent antidiarrheal activity. The protective role of the extract at 1000 mg/kg was comparable to that of the reference drug; loperamide (5mg/kg). The extract (1000 mg/kg) produced a decrease in intestinal transit comparable to atropine (5mg/kg); and significantly (p0.01) inhibited castor oil-induced enteropooling. No mortality and visible signs of general weakness were observed in the rats following the extract administration of up to a dose of 6000 mg/kg. Conclusion: The results showed that the extract of M. morindoides has a significant antidiarrheal activity which supports its use in traditional herbal medicine practice
Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Transit , MorindaABSTRACT
L'etude retrospective comparative des aspects biologiques du myelome multiple chez 12 patients de plus de 60 ans et chez 19 patients de moins de 60 ans realisee au service d'hematologie clinique du C.H.U. de Yopougon de septembre 2003 a fevrier 2004 a donne les conclusions suivantes: AU PLAN EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE : L'age moyen est de 55;58 ans avec des extremes de 40 a 75 ans; un sex-ratio de 4 hommes pour I femme chez les malades de moins de 60 ans et 2 femmes pour 1 homme chez les patients de plus de 60 ans. Le groupe ethnique Kwa semble le plus touche. La plupart des patients resident a Abidjan avec un niveau socio-economique faible. La profession n'a pas d'influence sur la maladie. AU PLAN BIOLOGIQUE : Concernant le bilan hematologique; la plasmocytose medullaire est elevee (moyenne de 33;38pour cent) avec une legere accentuation chez les malades de moins de 60 ans (36;4pour cent). L'anemie avec un taux d'hemoglobine inferieur a 8.5 g/dl est generalement observee dans les deux groupes de notre serie et une thrombopenie chez 50pour cent des patients de notre serie. Concernant le bilan biochimique; la protidemie est elevee dans notre serie (moyenne de 106 g/fl. A l'electrophorese des protides; le pic monoclonal dans la zone des gamma globuline est generalement constante dans notre serie de meme que l'hypoalbuminemie qui est cependant tres severe chez les patients de plus de 60 ans. L'hypercalcemie et la fonction renale ne sont pas influencees par l'age. Le syndrome tumoral est tres important et s'accompagne d'une hyperactivite intrinseque chez l'adulte jeune caracterise par une elevation de la beta2 microglobuline et la CRP. Concernant le bilan immunologique; le myelome a lgG est predominant dans notre serie quel que soit le groupe d'age. La plupart des patients presentent un myelome a chaine legere kappa. Le taux d'IgG monoclonale ne semble pas etre influence par l'age et la baisse des Ig normales est constante dans les deux groupes d'age. AU NIVEAU PRONOSTIQUE : Le pronostic est generalement mauvais selon la classification de Dune et Salmon (stade III) dans les deux groupes. Il est moyen selon la classification de la SWOG; par contre la classification de KLEIN revele un pronostic sombre (groupe III) chez les patients de moins de 60 ans faisant ainsi de l'age jeune un facteur de mauvais pronostic